We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on income among individuals of European descent and leveraged the results to investigate the socio-economic health gradient (N=668,288). We found 162 genomic loci associated with a common genetic factor underlying various income measures, all with small effect sizes. Our GWAS-derived polygenic index captures 1-4% of income variance, with only one-fourth attributed to direct genetic effects. A phenome-wide association study using this polygenic index showed reduced risks for a broad spectrum of diseases, including hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, coronary atherosclerosis, depression, asthma, and back pain. The income factor showed a substantial genetic correlation (0.92, s.e. = .006) with educational attainment (EA). Accounting for EA's genetic overlap with income revealed that the remaining genetic signal for higher income related to better mental health but reduced physical health benefits and increased participation in risky behaviours such as drinking and smoking.

Associations between common genetic variants and income provide insights about the socioeconomic health gradient

We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on income among individuals of European descent and leveraged the results to investigate the socio-economic health gradient (N=668,288). We found 162 genomic loci associated with a common genetic factor underlying various income measures, all with small effect sizes. Our GWAS-derived polygenic index captures 1 - 4% of income variance, with only one-fourth attributed to direct genetic effects. A phenome-wide association study using this polygenic index showed reduced risks for a broad spectrum of diseases, including hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, coronary atherosclerosis, depression, asthma, and back pain. The income factor showed a substantial genetic correlation (0.92, s.e. = .006) with educational attainment (EA). Accounting for EA's genetic overlap with income revealed that the remaining genetic signal for higher income related to better mental health but reduced physical health benefits and increased participation in risky behaviours such as drinking and smoking.

"Function calls as citations" refers to the ability to compose a novel research object by re-using an existing component, such as code or data, from a prior research object stored in an immutable and verifiable way. This idea originates from Balaji Srinivasan, who recently issued it as a challenge to builders in the DeSci space. In this preliminary report, we answer this challenge with a proof of concept. We created two Research Objects stored on an Open State Repository, each containing code components. A new Research Object calls functions from the code components of another Research Object. Both Research Objects are stored on an Open State Repository, and interoperate using decentralized persistent identifiers.

Function Calls as Citations

It is generally recognized that life is becoming more complex. This article analyzes the human social environment using the "complexity profile," a mathematical tool for characterizing the collective behavior of a system. The analysis is used to justify the qualitative observation that complexity of existence has increased and is increasing. The increase in complexity is directly related to sweeping changes in the structure and dynamics of human civilization—the increasing interdependence of the global economic and social system, and the instabilities of dictatorships, communism and corporate hierarchies. Our complex social environment is consistent with identifying global human civilization as an organism capable of complex behavior that protects its components (us) and which should be capable of responding effectively to complex environmental demands.

Complexity Rising: From Human Beings to Human Civilization, a Complexity Profile

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Patterns in Brain and Mind

For the same body mass index (BMI) level, waist circumference (WC) is higher in more recent years. How this impacts diabetes and prediabetes prevalence 10 12 United States 13 for different race/ethnic groups 20 unknown. We examined 74 differences 614 and For the by BMI over time, investigated whether estimates were attenuated after adjusting the waist circumference, in evaluated implications of these patterns on waist disparities prevalence glycemic outcomes. Methods Data came from waist circumference participants aged is to higher years in in National Health prediabetes Nutrition Examination Surveys (1988‐1994 and 2007‐2012). from estimated in diabetes in in in for in in in time diabetes multivariable models. Relevant interactions diabetes diabetes differences. Results Among normal, overweight, and class I obese individuals, there race/ethnic no significant and and and and and time. However, among individuals with and II/III obesity, and prediabetes rose 7.6 percentage points prevalence 2007‐2012 vs 1988‐1994. This estimate was partly prevalence prevalence adjustment prevalence mean prevalence for but not for BMI. for prediabetes, mean class for race/ethnic race/ethnic race/ethnic We differences differences was at lower by values, BMI minimal attenuation BMI evaluated over WC. All over held within over groups. Diabetes over were blacks attenuated Mexican Americans relative after whites remained points both periods, regardless percentage BMI, after persisted adjustment after of these Conclusions patterns disparities disparities to to to to time time class obesity with may be among due Diabetes increasing among circumference. Anthropometric measures did individuals appear with account WC. temporal increases II/III rose nor partly they attenuate adjustment not prediabetes, diabetes. Reasons underlying did trends require further investigation.