We present the first high-resolution sub-mm survey of both dust and gas for a large population of protoplanetary disks. Characterizing fundamental properties of protoplanetary disks on a statistical level is critical to understanding how disks evolve into the diverse exoplanet population. We use ALMA to survey 89 protoplanetary disks around stars with M ⇤ > 0.1 M in the young (1-3 Myr), nearby (150-200 pc) Lupus complex. Our observations cover the 890 µm continuum and the 13 CO and C 18 O 3-2 lines. We use the sub-mm continuum to constrain M dust to a few Martian masses (0.2-0.4 M) and the CO isotopologue lines to constrain M gas to roughly a Jupiter mass (assuming ISM-like [CO]/[H 2 ] abundance). Of 89 sources, we detect 62 in continuum, 36 in 13 CO, and 11 in C 18 O at > 3 significance. Stacking individually undetected sources limits their average dust mass to. 6 Lunar masses (0.03 M), indicating rapid evolution once disk clearing begins. We find a positive correlation between M dust and M ⇤ , and present the first evidence for a positive correlation between M gas and M ⇤ , which may explain the dependence of giant planet frequency on host star mass. The mean dust mass in Lupus is 3⇥ higher than in Upper Sco, while the dust mass distributions in Lupus and Taurus are statistically indistinguishable. Most detected disks have M gas. 1 M Jup and gas-to-dust ratios < 100, assuming ISM-like [CO]/[H 2 ] abundance; unless CO is very depleted, the inferred gas depletion indicates that planet formation is well underway by a few Myr and may explain the unexpected prevalence of super-Earths in the exoplanet population.

ALMA SURVEY OF LUPUS PROTOPLANETARY DISKS I: DUST AND GAS MASSES

Background For the same body mass index (BMI) level, waist circumference (WC) is higher in more recent years. How this impacts diabetes and prediabetes prevalence in the United States and for different race/ethnic groups is unknown. We examined prevalence differences in diabetes and prediabetes by BMI over time, investigated whether estimates were attenuated after adjusting for waist circumference, and evaluated implications of these patterns on race/ethnic disparities in glycemic outcomes. Methods Data came from 12 614 participants aged 20 to 74 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1988-1994 and 2007-2012). We estimated prevalence differences in diabetes and prediabetes by BMI over time in multivariable models. Relevant interactions evaluated race/ethnic differences. Results Among normal, overweight, and class I obese individuals, there were no significant differences in diabetes prevalence over time. However, among individuals with class II/III obesity, diabetes prevalence rose 7.6 percentage points in 2007-2012 vs 1988-1994. This estimate was partly attenuated after adjustment for mean waist circumference but not mean BMI. For prediabetes, prevalence was 10 to 13 percentage points higher over time at lower BMI values, with minimal attenuation after adjustment for WC. All patterns held within race/ethnic groups. Diabetes disparities among blacks and Mexican Americans relative to whites remained in both periods, regardless of BMI, and persisted after adjustment for WC. Conclusions Diabetes prevalence rose over time among individuals with class II/III obesity and may be partly due to increasing waist circumference. Anthropometric measures did not appear to account for temporal increases in prediabetes, nor did they attenuate race/ethnic disparities in diabetes. Reasons underlying these trends require further investigation.